1978 was a swirling mass of music types, disco, punk, funk, R&B, rock, and New Wave as the seeds of hip-hop were being sown. On February 23, 1978, the 20th Annual Grammy Awards were presented in Los Angeles, hosted by John Denver for the music of 1977. Fleetwood Mac’s Rumors won Album of the Year, while the Eagles’ “Hotel California” won Record of the Year. Barbra Streisand’s “Evergreen (Love Theme from A Star Is Born)” and Debby Boone’s “You Light Up My Life” both won Song of the Year. Boone also won as the Best New Artist. The album Saturday Night Fever by the Bee Gees became a cultural phenomenon for six months as number one in 1978. Bob Marley tried to unite two opposing political leaders at his “The One Love Peace Concert,” trying to bring peace to the civil war-ridden streets of Kingston, Jamaica. Van Halen debuted with a self-titled album. Prince released his debut album. Barry Gibb became the only songwriter in history to have written 4 consecutive #1 singles on Billboard’s Hot 100 Chart. Sgt. Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club Band, a much-hyped musical film starring Peter Frampton and the Bee Gees performing the music of The Beatles, opened in theaters, but was savaged by critics and proved a box office disappointment. In August, 1978, 67,000 Funk fans assembled at Soldier Field in Chicago, to attend the first annual Funk Festival, billed as “One Nation Under a Groove.” Nancy Spungen, the American girlfriend of Sex Pistols bassist Sid Vicious, was found dead in a New York hotel room of a stab wound. Sid was arrested and charged with her murder, so that the Sex Pistols played their final show in 1978. A now sober Alice Cooper released the album From the Inside, which told of his stay in rehab for alcoholism. Donna Summer became the first female artist of the modern rock era to have the number one single, “Mac Arthur Park,” and album, Live and More, on Billboard charts simultaneously. The seventh annual “New Year’s Rockin’ Eve Special” aired on ABC, with performances by Barry Manilow, Village People, Chuck Mangione, Tanya Tucker, and Rick James. CBS aired “New Year’s Eve with Guy Lombardo” for the final time, nearly two years after the band leader’s death and ending a 22-year run that began in 1956. The Winterland Ballroom venue in San Francisco closed with a New Year’s Eve performance by the Grateful Dead, New Riders of the Purple Sage, and the Blues Brothers. Kenny Rogers continued his highly successful solo career with the single and album The Gambler, and went on to star in no less than five movies based around this song. The top songs of 1978 were by the Bee Gees with “Stayin’ Alive,” “Night Fever,” and “How Deep Is Your Love,” as well as Andy Gibb with “Love Is Thicker Than Water” and “Shadow Dancing.” Others with top songs in 1978 were John Travolta & Olivia Newton-John with “You’re the One That I Want,” Frankie Valli with “Grease,” The Village People with “Y.M.C.A,” Paul McCartney & Wings, “With a Little Luck,” Johnny Mathis & Denice Williams with “Too Much, Too Little, Too Late,” The Rolling Stones with “Miss You,” The Commodores with “Three Times a Lady,” Anne Murray with “You Needed Me,” Barbra Streisand & Neil Diamond with “You Don’t Bring Me Flowers,” Chic with “Le Freak,” Player with “Baby Come Back,” A Taste of Honey with “Boogie Oogie Oogie,” Exile with “Kiss You All Over,” Nick Gilder with “Hot Child in the City,” and Yvonne Elliman with “If I Can’t Have You.” There surely were a lot of different tastes. What is your favorite song of 1978?
Movies in 1978
There were a lot of good movies in 1978 with Grease the big box office hit. However, I also saw a lot of other good movies, like Superman with Christopher Reeve, Marlon Brandon, and Gene Hackman and National Lampoon’s Animal House with John Belushi, and a cast of characters, loosely based on a fraternity at Southern Illinois University. There were other popular movies that I did not see, Every Which Way but Loose with Clint Eastwood, Hooper with Burt Reynolds, Jaws 2 with Ray Schneider, Revenge of the Pink Panther with Peter Sellers, and Halloween with Jamie Lee Curtis. I did see Heaven Can Wait with Warren Beatty, which was kind of quirky, about a Rams quarterback who died early in life. However, I really liked The Deer Hunter with its great cast, Robert De Niro, Christopher Walken, John Savage, a dying John Cazale, and Meryl Streep. The Deer Hunter was a 1978 American epic about a trio of Slavic-American guys on their way to Vietnam. Thus, they go deer hunting for the last time near Clairton, Pennsylvania, south of Pittsburgh. This movie started like the Godfather movie with a wedding scene, before they went hunting and off to Vietnam in 1968. Their experience in Vietnam changed their lives when they returned to the USA, but they still went deer hunting. The Deer Hunter was nominated for nine Academy Awards, and won five, and has been included on lists of the best films ever made. I saw this movie on TV again, since it was very moving. Other movies that I saw in 1978 were Coming Home with Jane Fonda, Bruch Dern, and Jon Voight, the Big Sleep with Robert Mitchum, House Calls with Walter Matthau, The Buddy Holly Story with Gary Busey, American Graffiti with Ron Howard and Richard Dreyfuss, Death on the Nile with Peter Ustinov, the Wild Geese with Richard Burton and Roger Moore, Same Time, Next Year with Alan Alda and Ellen Burstyn, The Brink’s Job with Peter Faulk and Peter Boyle, California Suite with Alan Alda, and Disney’s Pinocchio. The 50th Academy Awards are held on April 3, 1978, at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles, with Annie Hall winning Best Picture for 1977. Woody Allen became the first person to receive nominations for acting, directing, and screenwriting for the same film Annie Hall, since Orson Welles, who previously achieved this feat for 1941’s Citizen Kane. Other movie winners included Star Wars with six awards and Julia with three. With its 11 nominations and zero wins, The Turning Point was the most nominated film in Oscar history without a win. Bob Hope hosted the show for the 19th time, since he first presided over the 12th ceremony held in 1940. Nearly 50 million people watched this awards show. What is your favorite movie of 1978?
Sports in 1978
On January 15, 1978, in Super Bowl XII, the first night time Super Bowl, the Dallas Cowboys won 27−10 over the Denver Broncos with co–MVPs, DE Harvey Martin, and DT Randy White, of Dallas. The Cowboys defense dominated Super Bowl XII, forcing eight turnovers, and allowing only eight pass completions by the Broncos for 61 yards. Two interceptions led to 10 first-quarter points. Denver’s longest play of the game was 21 yards, which occurred on their opening drive. In the Cotton Bowl, the Notre Dame Fighting Irish won 38–10 over the Texas Longhorns to win the college football national championship. The New York Yankees won the World Series four games to two over the Los Angeles Dodgers with Yankee Bucky Dent named the Series MVP. Pete Rose of the Cincinnati Reds became the 13th player in Major League history to collect 3,000 career hits. He had hit safely in 44 consecutive games, tying Willie Keeler’s all-time National League hitting streak. Lyman Bostock, at age 27, of the California Angels was shot and killed while visiting friends in Gary, Indiana, during a road trip against the Chicago White Sox. Wilt Chamberlain was elected to the Naismith Basketball Hall of Fame, along with coaches Sam Barry, Eddie Hickey, John McLendon, Ray Meyer and Pete Newell, and referee Jim Enright. In the NCAA Men’s Division I Basketball Championship, Kentucky beat Duke, 94-88. In the NBA Finals, the Washington Bullets won 4 games to 3 over the Seattle Super Sonics. Bill Walton of the Portland Trail Blazers was named the NBA regular season MVP. Leon Spinks defeated Muhammad Ali in February, but lost to Muhammad Ali in September, the first time a boxer won the world heavyweight title for a third time. The Tour de France was won by Bernard Hinault of France. In golf, Gary Player won the Masters Tournament and Andy North won the U.S. Open, while Jack Nicklaus won the British Open and John Mahaffey the PGA, with Tom Watson the tour money leader with $362,429. Nancy Lopez was LPGA top money winner with $189,814. In a rematch of the previous season, the Montreal Canadiens again defeated the Boston Bruins, this time four games to two, to win the Stanley Cup. Guy Lafleur of the Montreal Canadiens was the leading scorer and MVP of the regular season. In tennis, Björn Borg won both the French Open and Wimbledon, while Guillermo Vilas won the Australian Open and Jimmy Connors won the U.S. Open. In women’s tennis, Chris O’Neil won the Australian Open and Virginia Ruzici won the French Open, while Martina Navratilova won Wimbledon, and Chris Evert won the U.S. Open. In the Indianapolis 500, Al Unser won his third race, and the first for car owner Jim Hall. Affirmed won the triple crown of horse racing, the last horse to win it for the next 37 years. Australia’s Ken Warby set the current world water speed record of 317.6 mph at Blowering Dam, Australia. Mavis Hutchinson, 53, became the first woman to run across the U.S. in 69 days. The AP Male Athlete of the Year was the Yankees pitcher, Ron Guidry, while the AP Female Athlete of the Year was the golfer, Nancy Lopez. What do you remember about sports in 1978?
Deaths in 1978
Besides the deaths of two popes, the Jonestown massacre, the discovery of the John Wayne Gacy victims, there were other important people who also died in 1978. Hubert Humphrey (1911-1978), the 38th Vice President of the USA died of cancer. San Francisco Mayor George Moscone (1929-1978) and Supervisor Harvey Milk (1930-1978) were assassinated by a disgruntled former Supervisor, Dan White. In Rome, the corpse of former Italian prime minister Aldo Moro (1916-1978), was found assassinated in a red Renault. Milwaukee born Golda Meir (1898-1978), Israeli teacher, politician, stateswoman, and former Prime Minister of Israel died. Cearbhall Ó Dálaigh (1911-1978), Irish judge and 5th President of Ireland died. Margaret Mead (1901-1978), an American anthropologist died. Lucius D. Clay (1897-1978), the American military governor of Germany after World War II also died. Willy Messerschmitt (1898-1978), the German aircraft designer and manufacturer died. The famous American gangster Joe Colombo (1923-1978) also died. Many of my childhood entertainment heroes passed away in 1978: Will Geer (1902-1978), Bob Crane (1928-1978), James Daly (1918-1978), Louis Prima (1910-1978), Charles Boyer (1899-1978), Robert Shaw (1927-1978), Edgar Bergen (1903-1978), Dan Dailey (1915-1978), Gig Young (1913-1978), Ed Wood (1924-1978), John Cazale (1935-1978), Maggie McNamara (1928-1978), Claude François (1939-1978), Peggy Wood (1892-1978), Robert B. Williams (1904-1978), Howard Estabrook (1884-1978), Thayer David (1927-1978), Jack Oakie (1903-1978), Tim McCoy (1891-1978), Ilka Chase (1905-1978), Astrid Allwyn (1905-1978), Frank Ferguson, (1899-1978), Karl Swenson (1908-1978), Chill Wills (1902-1978), and Theo Lingen (1903-1978). Other important people who died in 1978 included, Warren King, an American cartoonist (1916-1978), Gaston Julia, a French mathematician (1893-1978), Lon L. Fuller, an American legal philosopher (1902-1978), Sandy Denny, a British singer-songwriter (1947-1978), William Steinberg, a German-American conductor (1899-1978), Keith Moon, an English rock drummer for The Who (1946-1978), Jacques Brel, the great Belgian singer (1929-1978), Ralph Metcalfe, American Olympic athlete and Chicago politician (1910-1978), Norman Rockwell, the great American artist (1894-1978), William Grant Still, an American composer (1895-1978), Don Ellis, American jazz trumpeter, drummer, composer, and bandleader (1934-1978), and Cardinal Josef Frings, Archbishop of Cologne (1887-1978). Do you know someone who died in 1978?
Disasters in 1978
In 1978, there seemed to be a lot of earthquakes and a few airline crashes. The 6.2 Thessaloniki earthquake shook Northern Greece with a maximum Mercalli intensity of 9, so that 50 people were killed. The 7.4 Tabas earthquake affected the city of Tabas, Iran with a maximum Mercalli intensity of 9, so that a least 15,000 people were killed. The Great Blizzard of 1978 struck the Ohio Valley and Great Lakes area, killing 70. The Northeastern United States blizzard of 1978 hit the New England region and the New York metropolitan area, killing about 100, and causing over $520 million in damages. Air India Flight 855, a Boeing 747 passenger jet, crashed off the coast of Bombay, killing 213. Pacific Western Airlines Flight 314, a Boeing 737-200, crashed in Cranbrook, British Columbia, killing 44 of the 50 people on board. PSA Flight 182, a Boeing 727, collided with a small private airplane and crashed in San Diego, California, killing 144. Train 87 from Nanjing to Xining collided with train 368 from Xi’an to Xuzhou near Yangzhuang railway station in China, killing 106, and injuring 218. Palestinian terrorists killed 34 Israelis in the Coastal Road massacre. The Khmer Rouge massacred 3,157 civilians in Vietnam. Iranian Army troops opened fire on rioters in Tehran, killing 122, and wounding 4,000. In the deadliest construction accident in United States history, 51 construction workers were killed when a cooling tower under construction collapsed at the Pleasants Power Station in Willow Island, West Virginia. At least 217 tourists died in an explosion of a tanker-truck at a campsite in Costa Daurada, Spain. What is the worst thing that you remember about 1978?
Great events in 1978
President Jimmy Carter decided to postpone production of the neutron bomb, a weapon that killed people with radiation, but left buildings relatively intact. The U.S. Senate voted, 68–32, to turn the Panama Canal over to Panamanian control on December 31, 1999. President Carter signed a bill that authorized the minting of the Susan B. Anthony dollar. He also signed a bill into law which allowed homebrewing of beer in the United States. In Africa, Rhodesia attacked Zambia, while Israeli forces invaded Lebanon, and Vietnam launched a major offensive against the Khmer Rouge in Cambodia. Somalia and Ethiopia signed a truce to end the Ethio-Somali War. Abortion was legalized in Italy for the first time. Former Prime Minister of India, Indira Gandhi, was arrested and jailed for a week for breach of privilege and contempt of parliament. The Soviet Union launched a major Russification campaign throughout all the union republics. The Constitution of Spain was approved in a referendum, officially ending 40 years of military dictatorship. Dominica gained its independence from the United Kingdom. I have been there. The Solomon Islands became independent from the United Kingdom and joined the UN. Two million people demonstrated against the Shah in Iran. Norway opened a natural gas field, in the Polar Sea. I have been there also. The United States Senate proceedings were broadcast on radio for the first time. The first radio episode of “The Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy,” by Douglas Adams, was transmitted on BBC Radio 4. San Francisco’s City Council signed the most comprehensive gay rights bill in the USA. St. Paul, Minnesota became the second U.S. city to repeal its gay rights ordinance, after Anita Bryant’s successful 1977 anti-gay campaign in Miami-Dade County, Florida. Garfield’s first comic strip, originally published locally as Jon in 1976, went into nationwide syndication. The New York Post published an article about David Rorvik’s book The Cloning of Man, about a supposed cloning of a human being. Sarajevo was selected to host the 1984 Winter Olympics, and Los Angeles was selected to host the 1984 Summer Olympics. Dianne Feinstein succeeded the murdered George Moscone, to become the first woman mayor of San Francisco. The first Unabomber attack was at Northwestern University. In Atlantic City, New Jersey, Resorts International, the first legal casino in the eastern United States, opened. King Hussein of Jordan married 26-year-old American born Lisa Halaby, who took the name Queen Noor. Egyptian President Anwar Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin won the Nobel Peace Prize for their progress toward achieving a Middle East accord. Louise Brown, the world’s first test tube baby, was born in Oldham, Greater Manchester, UK. Mommie Dearest, written by Christina Crawford discussed her adoptive mother Joan Crawford’s abusive nature, as the first celebrity tell-all memoir. Six men robbed a Lufthansa cargo facility in New York City’s John F. Kennedy International Airport, stealing millions of dollars. The first global positioning satellite, the Rockwell International-built Navistar 1, was launched by the United States. Soyuz 28 was launched on a rendezvous with Salyut 6, with the first cosmonaut from a country other than the US or USSR, since he was from Czechoslovakia. Myriodontium keratinophilum was first isolated in Italy during the screening of soil microbes. Synthetic insulin was developed. Charon, a satellite of Pluto, was discovered. I suppose that there were other important things in 1978. What was the most important thing that you remembered from 1978?
John Wayne Gacy (1942-1994)
Besides Jim Jones, there was another strange case about John Wayne Gacy that was first revealed in December, 1978. Gacy lived in unincorporated Norwood Park at 8213 W. Summerdale Ave. Norwood Park is only four miles away from Franklin Park, where the Montgomery Ward store was. Thus, there was a lot of talk about him at work. He was convicted in March, 1980, of molesting, raping, torturing, and killing at least 33 young men and boys between the ages of 13-20. Gacy was executed on May 10, 1994. He may have killed more people, as he became known as the Killer Clown due to his public performances as Pogo the Clown. Gacy committed all of his known murders inside his ranch-style house that he had owned since 1971. Typically, he would lure a victim to his home and dupe them into donning handcuffs on the pretext of demonstrating a magic trick. He would then rape and torture his captives before killing them by either asphyxiation or strangulation. Twenty-six victims were buried in the crawl space of his home, and three were buried elsewhere on his property. Four were thrown into the Des Plaines River, because there was no more room in his house. He murdered his first victim in 1972, then two more by the end of 1975. Then he murdered at least thirty victims after his divorce from his second wife in 1976. The investigation into the disappearance of the Des Plaines teenager Robert Piest (1963-1978) led to Gacy’s arrest on December 21, 1978, by the Des Plaines police. His conviction for thirty-three murders by one individual was the most individual homicides in United States legal history. Gacy was a Chicago heavy set, overweigh, unathletic, child, who avoided sports because of a heart condition. He got married in September 1964. His father-in-law purchased three Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC) restaurants in Waterloo, Iowa. Gacy managed these restaurants. In August 1967, Gacy sexually assaulted 15-year-old Donald Voorhees Jr., the son of a local politician and fellow Jaycee. Thus, he was indicted and convicted in 1968, so that his first wife divorced him immediately. In 1971, Gacy was charged with sexually assaulting a teenage boy who claimed that he had lured him into his car at Chicago’s Greyhound bus terminal, but the case was dropped. Gacy bought a ranch-style house in unincorporated Norwood Park Township, Illinois, in 1971, where he lived and killed young boys until his arrest in December 1978. Gacy was active in his local community and helpful towards his neighbors. In 1975, he told his second wife that he was bi-sexual, so she divorced him. In 1971, Gacy established a part-time construction business, PDM Contractors, “Painting, Decorating, and Maintenance.” Thus, he hired young boys to work for him or promised them work, and then killed some of them. He also used the Greyhound bus station in Chicago as another place to pick up young boys. In 1975, Gacy was appointed director of Chicago’s annual Polish Constitution Day Parade, because of his involvement in local Democratic politics. Thus, he had his picture taken with First Lady Rosalynn Carter on May 6, 1978, six years after his first murder and seven months before his final arrest. Gacy successfully hid his criminal record from friends, neighbors, business associates, and political acquaintances. There have been books and movies about Gacy, To Catch a Killer (1992), Gacy (2003), Dear Mr. Gacy (2010), 8213 (2010), Monster in My Family (2015), Devil in Disguise (2021), and Defense Diaries (2022). There is a certain fascination with serial killers. Have you ever known a serial killer?
The Jonestown Kool Aid massacre, November 18, 1978
There was a strange bizarre incident in November, 1978, that has become known as the Jonestown massacre. In what Jones termed “revolutionary suicide”, Jones and the members of his inner circle planned and orchestrated a mass murder-suicide in this remote jungle commune at Jonestown, Guyana, on November 18, 1978. A total of 918 people died at the settlement, from apparent cyanide poisoning. The poisonings in Jonestown followed the murder of five others by Temple members, including U.S. Congressman Leo Ryan. Four other Temple members committed murder-suicide in Georgetown at Jones’ command. Seventy or more individuals at Jonestown were injected with poison, and a third of the victims were minors. For a year, they had practiced committing mass suicide, if it was necessary. Jones’ paranoia and drug usage increased in Jonestown, as he became fearful of a government raid on the commune. Black activists Angela Davis and Huey Newton communicated via radio-telephone to the Jonestown crowd, urging them to hold strong against the “conspiracy.” They considered moving to Cuba, North Korea, or Russia. Harvey Milk, a member of the San Francisco Board of Supervisors, supported the Temple. He wrote a letter to President Jimmy Carter defending Jones. Jones sought the legal services of Mark Lane and Donald Freed, both Kennedy assassination conspiracy theorists, to help make the case of a “grand conspiracy” by US intelligence agencies against the Temple. Jones claimed he had lung cancer. However, the massacre was due to the visit of San Francisco US Congressman Leo Ryan with a delegation of over 20 people, including TV and newspaper reporters and cameras. They were initially refused permission to go to Jonestown, but Ryan with three others were given permission to go. The entourage had originally scheduled a 19-passenger plane from Guyana Airways to fly them back to Georgetown. Because of the defectors departing Jonestown, the group grew in number and now an additional aircraft was required. When the guards opened fire at the nearby airport, it was caught on videotape. Before leaving Jonestown for the airstrip, Congressman Ryan had said that he would issue a report that would describe Jonestown in basically good terms. Ryan stated that none of the 60 relatives he had targeted for interviews wanted to leave, the 14 defectors constituted a very small portion of Jonestown’s residents. However, Jones maintained that all was lost. After Ryan’s departure from Jonestown, aides prepared a large metal tub with grape poisoned Flavor Aid. Jim Jones called all members immediately to the pavilion. When the assembly gathered, Jones urged Temple members to commit “revolutionary suicide.” According to Jonestown defectors, its theory was “you can go down in history, saying you chose your own way to go, and it is your commitment to refuse capitalism in support of socialism.” Jones wanted them to die with dignity. 914 of the 918 dead, including Jones himself, were transported by military cargo plane to Dover Air Force Base in Delaware. The event was covered heavily by the media. 98% of Americans polled said that they had heard of this tragedy. This has led to the phrase “drinking the Kool-Aid,” referring to a person or group holding an unquestioned belief, argument, or philosophy without critical examination. Jones and the events that occurred at Jonestown have had a defining influence on society’s perception of cults. Would you drink the Kool Aid of someone you trusted?
Jonestown, Guyana
In 1976, Guyana finally approved the lease it had negotiated with Jim Jones and the People’s Temple for 3,000 acres of land in northwest Guyana on which Jonestown would be located. Jones also thought that Guyana was small, poor, and independent enough for him to easily obtain influence and official protection. Jonestown was thus held up as a benevolent communist community. The Guyana government allowed the Temple to operate in the manner it did on the references of Moscone, Mondale, and Rosalynn Carter. In the summer of 1977, Jones and nearly a thousand Temple members moved to Jonestown to escape the building pressure from the San Francisco media investigations. Many members of the Temple believed that Guyana would be, as Jones promised, a paradise or utopia. However, it was not. The Peoples Temple Agricultural Project was a remote settlement in Guyana, a country on the northern coast of South America, part of the historic mainland British West Indies. Guyana is a small country, 83,000 square miles, with a population of about 800,000 people, bordered by the Atlantic Ocean, Brazil, and Venezuela. This settlement was established by the People’s Temple, an American cult under the leadership of Jim Jones, the founder and leader of this settlement. About 70% of the cult group in Guyana were African Americans. Have you ever heard of Guyana?
Jim Jones (1931-1978) and the People’s Temple cult
Jim Jones grew up in a dysfunctional family near Richmond, Indiana, where he was obsessed with the Bible and death. As a child, Jones developed an affinity for Pentecostalism and a desire to preach. He was ordained as a Christian minister in the Independent Assemblies of God, attracting his first group of followers while participating in the Pentecostal Latter Rain movement and the Healing Revival during the 1950s. He attended Indiana University and Butler University, without graduating. He became a Methodist minister before starting his own group that favored communitarian communism ideas, especially for African-Americans. Although its roots and teachings shared more with the Christian revival movements than with Marxism, it purported to practice what it called “apostolic socialism.” After Jones received considerable criticism in Indiana for his integrationist views, the Temple moved to Redwood Valley, California, in 1965. In the early 1970s, the Temple opened other branches in Los Angeles and San Francisco, and would eventually move its headquarters to San Francisco. With the move to San Francisco the People’s Temple became increasing political. They were instrumental in the mayoral election victory of George Moscone in 1975, so that Moscone appointed Jones the Chairman of the San Francisco Housing Authority Commission. Increasing public support in California gave Jones access to several high-ranking political figures, including Vice President Walter Mondale and First Lady Rosalynn Carter. Jones was an American cult leader, who founded and led the Peoples Temple between 1955 and 1978. When some articles of abuse within the Temple cult appeared in California, Jones quickly chose Guyana, an English-speaking, socialist country with a government including prominent black leaders, who would afford black Temple members a peaceful place to live. Have you ever been part of a cult?
Gene Finnegan Remembers Living Eighty Wonderful Years 